* Add consumable invites
* Add UI for generating invite codes
* Add tests
* Display max uses and expiration in invites table, delete invite
* Remove unused column and redundant validator
- Default follows not used, probably bad idea
- InviteCodeValidator is redundant because RegistrationsController
checks invite code validity
* Add admin setting to disable invites
* Add admin UI for invites, configurable role for invite creation
- Admin UI that lists everyone's invites, always available
- Admin setting min_invite_role to control who can invite people
- Non-admin invite UI only visible if users are allowed to
* Do not remove invites from database, expire them instantly
* Add structure for lists
* Add list timeline streaming API
* Add list APIs, bind list-account relation to follow relation
* Add API for adding/removing accounts from lists
* Add pagination to lists API
* Add pagination to list accounts API
* Adjust scopes for new APIs
- Creating and modifying lists merely requires "write" scope
- Fetching information about lists merely requires "read" scope
* Add test for wrong user context on list timeline
* Clean up tests
* Add a hide_notifications column to mutes
* Add muting_notifications? and a notifications argument to mute!
* block notifications in notify_service from hard muted accounts
* Add specs for how mute! interacts with muting_notifications?
* specs testing that hide_notifications in mutes actually hides notifications
* Add support for muting notifications in MuteService
* API support for muting notifications (and specs)
* Less gross passing of notifications flag
* Break out a separate mute modal with a hide-notifications checkbox.
* Convert profile header mute to use mute modal
* Satisfy eslint.
* specs for MuteService notifications params
* add trailing newlines to files for Pork :)
* Put the label for the hide notifications checkbox in a label element.
* Add a /api/v1/mutes/details route that just returns the array of mutes.
* Define a serializer for /api/v1/mutes/details
* Add more specs for the /api/v1/mutes/details endpoint
* Expose whether a mute hides notifications in the api/v1/relationships endpoint
* Show whether muted users' notifications are muted in account lists
* Allow modifying the hide_notifications of a mute with the /api/v1/accounts/:id/mute endpoint
* make the hide/unhide notifications buttons work
* satisfy eslint
* In probably dead code, replace a dispatch of muteAccount that was skipping the modal with launching the mute modal.
* fix a missing import
* add an explanatory comment to AccountInteractions
* Refactor handling of default params for muting to make code cleaner
* minor code style fixes oops
* Fixed a typo that was breaking the account mute API endpoint
* Apply white-space: nowrap to account relationships icons
* Fix code style issues
* Remove superfluous blank line
* Rename /api/v1/mutes/details -> /api/v2/mutes
* Don't serialize "account" in MuteSerializer
Doing so is somewhat unnecessary since it's always the current user's account.
* Fix wrong variable name in api/v2/mutes
* Use Toggle in place of checkbox in the mute modal.
* Make the Toggle in the mute modal look better
* Code style changes in specs and removed an extra space
* Code review suggestions from akihikodaki
Also fixed a syntax error in tests for AccountInteractions.
* Make AddHideNotificationsToMute Concurrent
It's not clear how much this will benefit instances in practice, as the
number of mutes tends to be pretty small, but this should prevent any
blocking migrations nonetheless.
* Fix up migration things
* Remove /api/v2/mutes
* Add option to block direct messages from people you don't follow
Fix#5326
* If the DM responds to a toot by recipient, allow it through
* i18n: Update Polish translation (for #5669) (#5673)
* Add moderator role and add pundit policies for admin actions
* Add rake task for turning user into mod and revoking it again
* Fix handling of unauthorized exception
* Deliver new report e-mails to staff, not just admins
* Add promote/demote to admin UI, hide some actions conditionally
* Fix unused i18n
* Show the local couterpart of emoji when it exists in admin/custom_emojis
* Fix indentation
* Fix error
* Add class table-action-link to Overwrite link
* Make it enable to overwrite emojis
* Make Code Climate happy
There are two motivations for this:
1. It looks like we're going to add other features that require
server-side storage (e.g. user notes).
2. Namespacing glitchsoc modifications is a good idea anyway: even if we
do not end up doing (1), if upstream introduces a keyword-mute feature
that also uses a "KeywordMute" model, we can avoid some merge
conflicts this way and work on the more interesting task of
choosing which implementation to use.
This should eventually be accessible via the API and the web frontend,
but I find it easier to set up an editing interface using Rails
templates and the like. We can always take it out if it turns out we
don't need it.
* Add option to reduce motion
* Use HOC to wrap all Motion calls
* fix case-sensitive issue
* Avoid updating too frequently
* Get rid of unnecessary change to _simple_status.html.haml
- For some reason, :if option on before_action did not work. It got
executed every time, returned false, and the action run anyway,
which led to the current_sign_in_at and sign_in_count being
updated on every request
- Return "do not filter" early in FeedManager#filter_from_home? if
the status is authored by receiver. Usually this method is not
called for own statuses at all, but it is called when Feed#get
uses the database
- Return early if #reload_stale_associations! has nothing to load
to save a database query with WHERE 1=0
* Use non-serial IDs
This change makes a number of nontrivial tweaks to the data model in
Mastodon:
* All IDs are now 8 byte integers (rather than mixed 4- and 8-byte)
* IDs are now assigned as:
* Top 6 bytes: millisecond-resolution time from epoch
* Bottom 2 bytes: serial (within the millisecond) sequence number
* See /lib/tasks/db.rake's `define_timestamp_id` for details, but
note that the purpose of these changes is to make it difficult to
determine the number of objects in a table from the ID of any
object.
* The Redis sorted set used for the feed will have values used to look
up toots, rather than scores. This is almost always the same as the
existing behavior, except in the case of boosted toots. This change
was made because Redis stores scores as double-precision floats,
which cannot store the new ID format exactly. Note that this doesn't
cause problems with sorting/pagination, because ZREVRANGEBYSCORE
sorts lexicographically when scores are tied. (This will still cause
sorting issues when the ID gains a new significant digit, but that's
extraordinarily uncommon.)
Note a couple of tradeoffs have been made in this commit:
* lib/tasks/db.rake is used to enforce many/most column constraints,
because this commit seems likely to take a while to bring upstream.
Enforcing a post-migrate hook is an easier way to maintain the code
in the interim.
* Boosted toots will appear in the timeline as many times as they have
been boosted. This is a tradeoff due to the way the feed is saved in
Redis at the moment, but will be handled by a future commit.
This would effectively close Mastodon's #1059, as it is a
snowflake-like system of generating IDs. However, given how involved
the changes were simply within Mastodon, it may have unexpected
interactions with some clients, if they store IDs as doubles
(or as 4-byte integers). This was a problem that Twitter ran into with
their "snowflake" transition, particularly in JavaScript clients that
treated IDs as JS integers, rather than strings. It therefore would be
useful to test these changes at least in the web interface and popular
clients before pushing them to all users.
* Fix JavaScript interface with long IDs
Somewhat predictably, the JS interface handled IDs as numbers, which in
JS are IEEE double-precision floats. This loses some precision when
working with numbers as large as those generated by the new ID scheme,
so we instead handle them here as strings. This is relatively simple,
and doesn't appear to have caused any problems, but should definitely
be tested more thoroughly than the built-in tests. Several days of use
appear to support this working properly.
BREAKING CHANGE:
The major(!) change here is that IDs are now returned as strings by the
REST endpoints, rather than as integers. In practice, relatively few
changes were required to make the existing JS UI work with this change,
but it will likely hit API clients pretty hard: it's an entirely
different type to consume. (The one API client I tested, Tusky, handles
this with no problems, however.)
Twitter ran into this issue when introducing Snowflake IDs, and decided
to instead introduce an `id_str` field in JSON responses. I have opted
to *not* do that, and instead force all IDs to 64-bit integers
represented by strings in one go. (I believe Twitter exacerbated their
problem by rolling out the changes three times: once for statuses, once
for DMs, and once for user IDs, as well as by leaving an integer ID
value in JSON. As they said, "If you’re using the `id` field with JSON
in a Javascript-related language, there is a very high likelihood that
the integers will be silently munged by Javascript interpreters. In most
cases, this will result in behavior such as being unable to load or
delete a specific direct message, because the ID you're sending to the
API is different than the actual identifier associated with the
message." [1]) However, given that this is a significant change for API
users, alternatives or a transition time may be appropriate.
1: https://blog.twitter.com/developer/en_us/a/2011/direct-messages-going-snowflake-on-sep-30-2011.html
* Restructure feed pushes/unpushes
This was necessary because the previous behavior used Redis zset scores
to identify statuses, but those are IEEE double-precision floats, so we
can't actually use them to identify all 64-bit IDs. However, it leaves
the code in a much better state for refactoring reblog handling /
coalescing.
Feed-management code has been consolidated in FeedManager, including:
* BatchedRemoveStatusService no longer directly manipulates feed zsets
* RemoveStatusService no longer directly manipulates feed zsets
* PrecomputeFeedService has moved its logic to FeedManager#populate_feed
(PrecomputeFeedService largely made lots of calls to FeedManager, but
didn't follow the normal adding-to-feed process.)
This has the effect of unifying all of the feed push/unpush logic in
FeedManager, making it much more tractable to update it in the future.
Due to some additional checks that must be made during, for example,
batch status removals, some Redis pipelining has been removed. It does
not appear that this should cause significantly increased load, but if
necessary, some optimizations are possible in batch cases. These were
omitted in the pursuit of simplicity, but a batch_push and batch_unpush
would be possible in the future.
Tests were added to verify that pushes happen under expected conditions,
and to verify reblog behavior (both on pushing and unpushing). In the
case of unpushing, this includes testing behavior that currently leads
to confusion such as Mastodon's #2817, but this codifies that the
behavior is currently expected.
* Rubocop fixes
I could swear I made these changes already, but I must have lost them
somewhere along the line.
* Address review comments
This addresses the first two comments from review of this feature:
https://github.com/tootsuite/mastodon/pull/4801#discussion_r139336735https://github.com/tootsuite/mastodon/pull/4801#discussion_r139336931
This adds an optional argument to FeedManager#key, the subtype of feed
key to generate. It also tests to ensure that FeedManager's settings are
such that reblogs won't be tracked forever.
* Hardcode IdToBigints migration columns
This addresses a comment during review:
https://github.com/tootsuite/mastodon/pull/4801#discussion_r139337452
This means we'll need to make sure that all _id columns going forward
are bigints, but that should happen automatically in most cases.
* Additional fixes for stringified IDs in JSON
These should be the last two. These were identified using eslint to try
to identify any plain casts to JavaScript numbers. (Some such casts are
legitimate, but these were not.)
Adding the following to .eslintrc.yml will identify casts to numbers:
~~~
no-restricted-syntax:
- warn
- selector: UnaryExpression[operator='+'] > :not(Literal)
message: Avoid the use of unary +
- selector: CallExpression[callee.name='Number']
message: Casting with Number() may coerce string IDs to numbers
~~~
The remaining three casts appear legitimate: two casts to array indices,
one in a server to turn an environment variable into a number.
* Only implement timestamp IDs for Status IDs
Per discussion in #4801, this is only being merged in for Status IDs at
this point. We do this in a migration, as there is no longer use for
a post-migration hook. We keep the initialization of the timestamp_id
function as a Rake task, as it is also needed after db:schema:load (as
db/schema.rb doesn't store Postgres functions).
* Change internal streaming payloads to stringified IDs as well
This is equivalent to 591a9af356faf2d5c7e66e3ec715502796c875cd from
#5019, with an extra change for the addition to FeedManager#unpush.
* Ensure we have a status_id_seq sequence
Apparently this is not a given when specifying a custom ID function,
so now we ensure it gets created. This uses the generic version of this
function to more easily support adding additional tables with timestamp
IDs in the future, although it would be possible to cut this down to a
less generic version if necessary. It is only run during db:schema:load
or the relevant migration, so the overhead is extraordinarily minimal.
* Transition reblogs to new Redis format
This provides a one-way migration to transition old Redis reblog entries
into the new format, with a separate tracking entry for reblogs.
It is not invertible because doing so could (if timestamp IDs are used)
require a database query for each status in each users' feed, which is
likely to be a significant toll on major instances.
* Address review comments from @akihikodaki
No functional changes.
* Additional review changes
* Heredoc cleanup
* Run db:schema:load hooks for test in development
This matches the behavior in Rails'
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.each_current_configuration, which
would otherwise break `rake db:setup` in development.
It also moves some functionality out to a library, which will be a good
place to put additional related functionality in the near future.
Additionally, ActivityPub::FetchRemoteStatusService no longer parses
activities.
OStatus::Activity::Creation no longer delegates to ActivityPub because
the provided ActivityPub representations are not signed while OStatus
representations are.
* Return sensible HTTP status for ActivityPub inbox processing
* Return sensible HTTP status for salmon slap processing
* Return additional information to debug signature verification failures
* Fix order of paginated accounts in FollowerDomainsController
Unordered pagination could result in unexpected behavior.
* Cover Settings::FollowerDomainsController more
If the signature could not be verified and the webfinger of the account
was last retrieved longer than the cache period, try re-resolving the
account and then attempting to verify the signature again
* Fix#117 - Add ability to specify alternative text for media attachments
- POST /api/v1/media accepts `description` straight away
- PUT /api/v1/media/:id to update `description` (only for unattached ones)
- Serialized as `name` of Document object in ActivityPub
- Uploads form adjusted for better performance and description input
* Add tests
* Change undo button blend mode to difference
* Add support for selecting a theme
* Fix codeclimate issues
* Look up site default style if current user is not available due to e.g. not being logged in
* Remove outdated comment in common.js
* Address requested changes in themes PR
* Fix codeclimate issues
* Explicitly check current_account in application controller and only check theme availability if non-nil
* codeclimate
* explicit precedence with &&
* Fix code style in application_controller according to @nightpool's suggestion, use default style in embedded.html.haml
* codeclimate: indentation + return
When a new user confirms their e-mail, bootstrap their home timeline
by automatically following a set of accounts. By default, all local
admin accounts (that are unlocked). Can be customized by new admin
setting (comma-separated usernames, local and unlocked only)
* Decouple Status#local? from uri being nil
* Replace on-the-fly URI generation with stored URIs
- Generate URI in after_save hook for local statuses
- Use static value in TagManager when available, fallback to tag format
- Make TagManager use ActivityPub::TagManager to understand new format
- Adjust tests
* Use other heuristic for locality of old statuses, do not perform long query
* Exclude tombstone stream entries from Atom feed
* Prevent nil statuses from landing in Pubsubhubbub::DistributionWorker
* Fix URI not being saved (#4818)
* Add more specs for Status
* Save generated uri immediately
and also fix method order to minimize diff.
* Fix alternate HTML URL in Atom
* Fix tests
* Remove not-null constraint from statuses migration to speed it up
* Make PreviewCard records reuseable between statuses
**Warning!** Migration truncates preview_cards tablec
* Allow a wider thumbnail for link preview, display it in horizontal layout (#4648)
* Delete preview cards files before truncating
* Rename old table instead of truncating it
* Add mastodon:maintenance:remove_deprecated_preview_cards
* Ignore deprecated_preview_cards in schema definition
* Fix null behaviour
- Use statuses controller for embeds instead of stream entries controller
- Prefer /@:username/:id/embed URL for embeds
- Use /@:username as author_url in OEmbed
- Add follow link to embeds which opens web intent in new window
- Use redis cache in development
- Cache entire embed
* Allow multiple pinned statuses to be shown and make them be ordered by pinned date
* Set timestamps NOT NULL
* Make single-line pinned_statuses
* Spec for pinned_statuses
* Remove redundant empty line
* Process Create / Announce activity in FetchRemoteStatusService
* Use activity URL in ActivityPub for reblogs
* Redirect to the original status on StatusesController#show
* Add code for creating/managing apps to settings section
* Add specs for app changes
* Fix controller spec
* Fix view file I pasted over by mistake
* Add locale strings. Add 'my apps' to nav
* Add Client ID/Secret to App page. Add some visual separation
* Fix rubocop warnings
* Fix embarrassing typo
I lost an `end` statement while fixing a merge conflict.
* Add code for creating/managing apps to settings section
- Add specs for app changes
- Add locale strings. Add 'my apps' to nav
- Add Client ID/Secret to App page. Add some visual separation
- Fix some bugs/warnings
* Update to match code standards
* Trigger notification
* Add warning about not sharing API secrets
* Tweak spec a bit
* Cleanup fixture creation by using let!
* Remove unused key
* Add foreign key for application<->user
- Tries to avoid performing HTTP request if the keyId is an actor URI
- Likewise if the URI is a fragment URI on top of actor URI
- Resolves public key, returns owner if the owner links back to the key
* ActivityPub migration procedure
Once one account is detected as going from OStatus to ActivityPub,
invalidate WebFinger cache for other accounts from the same domain
* Unsubscribe from PuSH updates once we receive an ActivityPub payload
* Re-subscribe to PuSH unless already unsubscribed, regardless of protocol
* Add ActivityPub inbox
* Handle ActivityPub deletes
* Handle ActivityPub creates
* Handle ActivityPub announces
* Stubs for handling all activities that need to be handled
* Add ActivityPub actor resolving
* Handle conversation URI passing in ActivityPub
* Handle content language in ActivityPub
* Send accept header when fetching actor, handle JSON parse errors
* Test for ActivityPub::FetchRemoteAccountService
* Handle public key and icon/image when embedded/as array/as resolvable URI
* Implement ActivityPub::FetchRemoteStatusService
* Add stubs for more interactions
* Undo activities implemented
* Handle out of order activities
* Hook up ActivityPub to ResolveRemoteAccountService, handle
Update Account activities
* Add fragment IDs to all transient activity serializers
* Add tests and fixes
* Add stubs for missing tests
* Add more tests
* Add more tests
This PR adds a new notification cleaning mode, super perfectly tuned for accessibility, and removes the previous notification cleaning functionality as it's now redundant.
* w.i.p. notif clearing mode
* Better CSS for selected notification and shorter text if Stretch is off
* wip for rebase ~
* all working in notif clearing mode, except the actual removal
* bulk delete route for piggo
* cleaning + refactor. endpoint gives 422 for some reason
* formatting
* use the right route
* fix broken destroy_multiple
* load more notifs after succ cleaning
* satisfy eslint
* Removed CSS for the old notif delete button
* Tabindex=0 is mandatory
In order to make it possible to tab to this element you must have tab index = 0. Removing this violates WCAG and makes it impossible to use the interface without good eyesight and a mouse. So nobody with certain mobility impairments, vision impairments, or brain injuries would be able to use this feature if you don't have tabindex=0
* Corrected aria-label
Previous label implied a different behavior from what actually happens
* aria role localization & made the overlay behave like a checkbox
* checkboxes css and better contrast
* color tuning for the notif overlay
* fanceh checkboxes etc and nice backgrounds
* SHUT UP TRAVIS
* Do not raise unretryable exceptions in ResolveRemoteAccountService
* Removed fatal exceptions from ResolveRemoteAccountService
Exceptions that cannot be retried should not be raised. New exception
class for those that can be retried (Mastodon::UnexpectedResponseError)
* Wrap methods of ProcessFeedService::ProcessEntry in classes
This is a change same with 425acecfdb, except
that it has the following changes:
* Revert irrelevant change in find_or_create_conversation
* Fix error handling for RemoteActivity
* Introduce Ostatus name space
* Improve webfinger templates and make tests more flexible
* Clean up AS2 representation of actor
* Refactor outbox
* Create activities representation
* Add representations of followers/following collections, do not redirect /users/:username route if format is empty
* Remove unused translations
* ActivityPub endpoint for single statuses, add ActivityPub::TagManager for better
URL/URI generation
* Add ActivityPub::TagManager#to
* Represent all attachments as Document instead of Image/Video specifically
(Because for remote ones we may not know for sure)
Add mentions and hashtags representation to AP notes
* Add AP-resolvable hashtag URIs
* Use ActiveModelSerializers for ActivityPub
* Clean up unused translations
* Separate route for object and activity
* Adjust cc/to matrices
* Add to/cc to activities, ensure announce activity embeds target status and
not the wrapper status, add "id" to all collections
* Add Request class with HTTP signature generator
Spec: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-cavage-http-signatures-06
* Add HTTP signature verification concern
* Add test for SignatureVerification concern
* Add basic test for Request class
* Make PuSH subscribe/unsubscribe requests use new Request class
Accidentally fix lease_seconds not being set and sent properly, and
change the new minimum subscription duration to 1 day
* Make all PuSH workers use new Request class
* Make Salmon sender use new Request class
* Make FetchLinkService use new Request class
* Make FetchAtomService use the new Request class
* Make Remotable use the new Request class
* Make ResolveRemoteAccountService use the new Request class
* Add more tests
* Allow +-30 seconds window for signed request to remain valid
* Disable time window validation for signed requests, restore 7 days
as PuSH subscription duration (which was previous default due to a bug)
* Redesign the landing page, mount public timeline on it
* Adjust the standalone mounted component to the lacking of router
* Adjust auth layout pages to new design
* Fix tests
* Standalone public timeline polling every 5 seconds
* Remove now obsolete translations
* Add responsive design for new landing page
* Address reviews
* Add floating clouds behind frontpage form
* Use access token from public page when available
* Fix mentions and hashtags links, cursor on status content in standalone mode
* Add footer link to source code
* Fix errors on pages that don't embed the component, use classnames
* Fix tests
* Change anonymous autoPlayGif default to false
* When gif autoplay is disabled, hover to play
* Add option to hide the timeline preview
* Slightly improve alt layout
* Add elephant friend to new frontpage
* Display "back to mastodon" in place of "login" when logged in on frontpage
* Change polling time to 3s
* Added a success page to remote following
Includes follow-through links to web (the old redirect target) and back to the remote user's profile
* Use Account.new in spec instead of a fake with only id
(fixes spec)
* Fabricate(:account) over Account.new
* Remove self from the success text
(and all HTML with it)
* add a system_font_ui setting on the server
* Plug the system_font_ui on the front-end
* add EN/FR locales for the new setting
* put Roboto after all other fonts
* remove trailing whitespace so CodeClimate is happy
* fix user_spec.rb
* correctly write user_spect this time
* slightly better way of adding the classes
* add comments to the system-font stack for clarification
* use .system-font for the class instead
* don't use multiple lines for comments
* remove trailing whitespace
* use the classnames module for consistency
* use `mastodon-font-sans-serif` instead of Roboto directly
* Fix#3910 - Require OTP authentication to disable 2FA. Also, remove ability
to generate new OTP backup codes *after* initial backup codes were handed
out during activation
* Restore recovery code re-generation
* Improve display of some 2FA elements
* Add overview of active sessions
* Better display of browser/platform name
* Improve how browser information is stored and displayed for sessions overview
* Fix test
* Fix#2347 - Bind web UI access token to session
When you logout, session also destroys the access token, so it's no longer
valid. If access token is destroyed some other way, the session is also
destroyed, requiring a re-login.
Fix#1681 - Add scheduler to remove revoked access tokens and grants
* Fix test
* Add overview of active sessions
* Better display of browser/platform name
* Improve how browser information is stored and displayed for sessions overview
* Fix test
* Add form for account deletion
* If avatar or header are gone from source, remove them
* Add option to have SuspendAccountService remove user record, add tests
* Exclude suspended accounts from search
* Fix#2619 - When redis feed is empty, fall back to database
* Use redis value to return feed from database only while RegenerationWorker
hasn't finished running
* Fix specs
* Replace usage of reject!
When case insensitivity is enabled via devise's `config.case_insensitive_keys` then `.find_for_authentication` method needs to be used instead of `.find_by` because second mentioned returns `nil` when valid email with different cases is passed.
More info https://github.com/plataformatec/devise/wiki/How-To:-Use-case-insensitive-emails
* Improve default language decision
This change allows to takes account of accepted language determined by
the user agent even if the custom default locale of the instance is
configured.
* Cover Localized more
* Fix code style
Each of mute, favourite, reblog has been updated to:
- Have a separate controller with just a create and destroy action
- Preserve historical route names to not break the API
- Mild refactoring to break up long methods
* Add specs for api statuses routes
* Update favourited_by and reblogged_by api routes
* Move methods into new controllers
* Use load_accounts methods to simplify index actions
* Clean up load_accounts methods
* Clean up link header generation
* Check for link headers in specs
* Remove unused actions from api/v1/statuses controller
* Remove specs for moved actions
* Move ApiController to Api/BaseController
* API controllers inherit from Api::BaseController
* Add coverage for various error cases in api/base controller
* Coverage for rate limit headers
* Move rate limit headers methods to concern
* Move throttle check to condition on before_action
* Move match_data variable into method
* Move utc timestamp to separate method
* Move header setting into smaller methods
* specs cleanup
* Redirect to streaming_api_base_url
When Rails receives a request to streaming API, it most likely
means that there is another host which is configured to respond
to it. This is to redirect clients to that host if
`STREAMING_API_BASE_URL` is set as another host.
* Use the new Ruby 1.9 hash syntax
